Round Concave Mirriors

  

Round concave mirrors are catoptric imaging. Mirrors( including convex) are reflecting back for imaging rather than get through the light, ray of light follows the law of reflection, that is what we called convergence. They always gather the light that shoot to the surface, ray of light that is entered parallelly will be focus on the spot again, ray of light is reflected from different angles because of different directions of surface normal. Round concave mirrors can not only focus parallel ray of light on the spot but also reflect parallel light from spot.

 

The diagram of a round concave mirror shows focus, focal length, centre of curvature and principal axis. Concave mirrors or gathering mirrors will deflect reflected ray of light. Concave mirrors will have different images because of the different distance between objects and mirrors, which is different from convex mirrors.

 

Round concave mirrors don’t have chromatic aberration because they are catoptric imaging, this advantage is can’t be compared with any lens. The resolution ratio is in direct proportion to the clear aperture of objective, it is difficult for the production of large aperture lens while concave mirrors that made according to reflection principal are easier. Therefore, round concave mirrors are always used for producing telescope.

 

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Laser Optics - White Light Laser and its Application

  

Light and Its Application

The existing laser technology has always had a short board, which can only emit light of a single wavelength or narrow band. How to expand the frequency of the laser forming ultra broadband, super straight, ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelengths of coherent white light laser, is still a human unfulfilled dream, it is a worldwide problem of science and technology. This is because the laser optics is composed of optical resonator, gain medium and pump source. The wavelength of the laser is determined by the energy level structure of the atoms, molecules or ions in the gain substance.

 

Because the natural laser crystal material has a great limitation on the gain frequency range and gain bandwidth, the laser can't produce any wavelength of laser.

Will the perfect white laser be created? What changes and developments could it bring to the application of lasers?

 

1. The sun light

 

It is known to all that all things grow by the sun, and the sunlight brings light and heat to the earth. The familiar sunlight is a kind of white light, and its spectrum covers ultraviolet - visible - near infrared - mid-infrared bands, as shown in figure 1, In the visible light band (400-700 nm), the radiation energy is strongest, covering seven colors of red, orange, yellow, green and blue, and continuous distribution and transition in the spectrum. Because the sun is white, rainbows are often seen in the sky after rain, or the sunlight passes through a glass prism through seven colors of light (figure 2). This is a common experience in everyday life.

 

One of the things that people are less familiar with is that sunlight is a completely incoherent light. In terms of spatial coherence, the sunlight cannot be straight and highly divergent. In terms of temporal coherence, there is no phase correlation and locking between different colors of sunlight. So sunlight can only be used to generate energy for heating, water heaters, solar cells and so on.

 

But the use of modern science and technology, such as the use of sunlight to transmit information, seems to be out of the question.

 

 

laser

 

The spectral distribution of sunlight. The spectrum of solar radiation including the sun itself, the spectrum of sunlight entering the earth, and the spectrum of sunlight reaching the sea level due to the absorption of atmospheric water and carbon dioxide.

 

2. The advantages and application prospect of white light laser

 

White light laser light source, short wave laser light sources and continuous laser light compared with the ordinary white light, such as sunlight, incandescent lamp, white LED lamp, etc.), it has the advantages of high brightness, high peak power, wide frequency range etc. In the fields of scientific research, defense military, lighting, communication technology, information technology, industrial production, biomedicine, environmental detection, etc.it got a lot of attention.

 

White light, as a kind of new laser light source, it has a variety of advantages of good directionality, high energy density, super continuous spectrum, great bandwidth, the center of the flexible wavelength, high degree of coherence time and space. This will greatly expand the function and application scope of laser technology. The white light laser or the solar laser is the completely coherent light, not only the height of the laser beam, but also the very small region. Different color between amplitude and phase locking completely, by regulating the amplitude and phase, it can change the time of laser pulse shape follow one's inclinationsly, and produce very short pulse width (femtosecond and the femtosecond laser pulses. Such a solar laser will have the potential to realize the focus and convergence of light energy in space and time.It releases energy in small areas and very short periods of time to form extremely high instantaneous power density.

 

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Is a Aspherical Camera Lens Better than a Spherical Lens?

  

The aspheric

 

When it comes to the lens, you have to mention the aspherical lens. In many people's understanding, the Aspherical Lenses is a symbol of high level, and the advanced lens is almost all aspherical lens.

 

Let's start with what is called a aspherical lens. The aspherical lens is contained in the camera lens, aspheric is often calculated according to the surface, some aspherical lens side, the other is not, or both sides is spherical, and so on.

 

In general, a lens with two or more aspherical lenses is a very advanced lens. So, is the aspheric surface a very difficult technique?

We can look at it from the other side.

 

Now, in terms of glasses, the aspheric surface is also very widely used, and in fact, it is no more expensive than the spherical lens. For numerical control grinders, the wave surface can also be made.

Clearly, many people's understanding of the aspheric surface is still stuck in the leica 501.2 myth, which itself has long since been broken.

 

Of course, many people would still use the so-called "grinding aspheric", but don't say what grind the aspheric surface. I believe that for many people, it's impossible to tell whether a picture is not a spherical lens.

 

Is the aspheric surface necessarily good?

 

Even if it's a cock shot, it's impossible for each lens to be aspherical, the spherical lens camera  is actually a supporting role in the lens, not the main character, the main corrective, the correction function, after the use of aspherical lenses, the image of the edge of the image will be solved well and the picture will be more average.

 

So, is it a good thing to have an aspheric surface? From the current situation, the use of aspheric surface technology has become the standard configuration, especially the high technology index lens, for example, large aperture wide-angle zoom lens, it is difficult to guarantee the quality of the picture without the aspheric surface.

 

But in terms of our film fans, the aspherical lens we can use is relatively limited, after all, we use the camera mainly concentrated in the last century 60-90s, until the 90s, aspherical lens or less. Here we're talking about 135, and less in 120. We have seen that CAI has built so many classic Hau shots, such as the 384.5 on SWC, and there is no aspherical lens.

 

In a series of SLR lenses designed by Mr. CAI for nikon, many of them have no aspheric surfaces. But it doesn't prevent these lenses from being a good shot, like chase 50, 1.4 SLR, and the picture is average.

 

Compared to other Chinese vendors, Hyperion has the most experienced engineering team to provide technical backups and consultation for our customer with multi-languages skills, seamless communication is also an advantage. Free consultation for your optical system and preliminary hyp design is also available now!

 

 

Elliptical Window

 Elliptical window is a plane-parallel plate, it is always used for protecting electronic sensor or detector outside, elliptical window will not change system’s amplification factor. Its basic material includes various optical glass, K9, Uv-fused quartz, infrared fused quartz and crystal material like CaF2, MgF2, ZnSe, Ge and Si, it also provides various optical coating film like antireflection film, high-reflective film, beam splitting film and metal film. Wide antireflection film can be used in ultraviolet band, visible light band, near infrared band and intermediate infrared band.

 

Elliptical windowis parallel optical glass with two surface by grinding and polishing. It is protection between two environment without any influence on visible light. The common coating film has AR and AS. It is mainly applied in digital camera, digital video tape recorder, industrial optical window, product with touch screen, GPS product, window of digital product, car rear view mirror, computer screen, laptop screen and surface of watches.

 

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Diamond Lens Makes Laser Optical Material Processing System Lighter

  

Diamond has some remarkable properties: for example, its refractive index is 2.4, which is very high, and can be made into thinner optical components for optical systems with the same optical power. Their thermal conductivity is 2000 W/m*K, 1400 times higher than that of optical glass.

 

So far, polycrystalline diamond substrates have only been used as light windows for carbon dioxide lasers. Due to impurities and defects, they absorb and scatter hyperion laser radiation at the emission wavelength of 1 micron, so they are not suitable for fiber lasers. Although single crystal diamonds do not have this problem, they are difficult to manufacture. Over the years, the German Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF) has been devoted to the production of single crystal diamond. The continuous vapor deposition (CVD) reaction chamber developed in IAF has stable plasma conditions and it can produce a substrate with a thickness of several millimeters.

 

It can simultaneously process 60 diamonds at most. At a rate of up to 30 microns per hour, the reaction chamber can produce an optical element with an aperture of about 10 millimeters.

 

The lenses made of these synthetic single crystal diamonds have low absorptivity and low birefringence. At present, some samples coated with antireflection film have been provided and used in fiber laser cutting head. "We have optimized a complete laser optical system for diamond lenses for the first time, and the weight of the cutting head has been reduced by 90%," said Martin Traub of the Fraunhof Institute of laser technology".

 

The lens with a diameter of 7mm has passed the test of 2 kW laser power, without any problems. Now, partners have built a cutting test system using 1kW fiber lasers. Water cooling and protective gas supply are integrated in the cutting head. Process monitoring has not been planned. Currently, compact cutting heads is in process of testing for the first time.

 

A new optical system will significantly enhance the flexibility of laser cutting. The small size enables the system to process inaccessible areas, while the low weight is beneficial to the high dynamic motion in the 3D process.

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New Crystal Glass may Allow Humans to Breathe Underwater like Fish

 The core problem of underwater activity of divers is that humans cannot ingest oxygen from water, therefore, it is necessary to carry gas cylinders or to supply gas from the water surface, and the breathing problem has become one of the most complicated technologies in diving technology. But the water actually dissolves a certain amount of oxygen, fish is through the gills to absorb oxygen from the water to maintain life. In theory, if you can master the rapid uptake of oxygen from water, then humans do not need to carry gas in the underwater activities. But keeping breathing for a long time under water has always been considered unthinkable and impossible, scuba diving can only continue to be carried out underwater by carrying air or by piping. Because fish can absorb oxygen from the water by their gills, humans and mammals don't have gills,and they can't use oxygen in the water to support life.

 

Let the human fish breathe oxygen in the water for a long time to survive in the water, it sounds like science fiction, and Danish scientists have recently been able to get oxygen permanently underwater, which is a step toward that goal. It's because of the kind of crystal material they developed, this synthetic material is named Neptune crystal AquamanCrystal. This synthetic material can continuously ingest oxygen from air and water without any other means. The oxygen absorbed by the crystal can be released as long as it is heated slightly or exposed to low oxygen pressure. At present, it is difficult to produce this kind of synthetic crystal material in large quantities.

 

The implications of this finding are profound, says Christina Mackenzie, a professor at the university of Denmark, who led the research. She told the science daily: "this material can absorb oxygen from the air. Patients with respiratory dysfunction need daily oxygen, the technology will allow patients to get rid of heavy oxygen tanks. Divers may also use the technology in the future to carry a small amount of this crystal grain. The diver breathes the material into the water to absorb oxygen that is dissolved in water, so there is no need to carry gas cylinders or supply the gas from the water. So they named the crystal AquamanCrystal.

 

Neptune crystals have a spongy composition that absorbs oxygen.

 

Neptune crystals absorb oxygen and rely on cobalt ions. This is very similar to the ability of hemoglobin to absorb oxygen. Because oxygen is difficult to dissolve in water and blood, all living things on earth use metal ions to combine and transport oxygen. The hemoglobin in the blood of people and many animals depends on the combination of iron and oxygen. Myoglobin, the myoglobin in muscle cells, is also a similar molecule. Animals such as crabs and spiders rely on copper ions to combine and transport oxygen. The ability of metal ions to absorb oxygen is huge. So it's not surprising that this crystal glass has a powerful ability to absorb oxygen.

 

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Composition of Different Achromatic Doublet Lenses

 Composition of Different Achromatic Doublet Lenses

 

1.doublet lens is a kind of common lens. It consists of several groups of positive and negative cemented lenses with different radius of curved surface. It can only correct the axial chromatic aberration of red and blue light in spectral line. At the same time, the spherical aberration on the axis and the coma aberration on the paraxial point are corrected. This kind of lens can not eliminate the second-order spectrum, only the spherical aberration and chromatic aberration in the yellow and green wave regions are corrected. The spherical aberration and chromatic aberration of the remaining chromatic aberration and other wave areas can not be eliminated, and the image field bending is still very large, that is to say, only the clear image in the middle of the field of view can be obtained.It is advisable to use yellow-green light as illumination source or insert yellow-green filter in the optical path. This kind of lens is simple, economical and practical. It is often used in conjunction with correction eyepiece and is widely used in medium and low power microscopes. In black-and-white photography, green filters can be used to reduce the residual axial chromatic aberration and obtain good contrast photographs.

 

2. Complex achromatic doublet lens is composed of several groups of advanced lenses made of special optical glass and fluorite. The axial chromatic aberration is corrected by red, blue and yellow light, and the secondary spectrum is eliminated. Therefore, the image quality is good, but it is difficult to process and calibrate many lenses. The correction of chromatic aberration is in all wavebands of visible light. If blue or yellow filters are added, the effect will be better. It is the best objective in the microscope. It has good correction for spherical aberration and chromatic aberration. It is suitable for high magnification. However, it still needs to be used with compensating eyepiece to eliminate residual chromatic aberration.

 

3. Planar achromatic doublet lens is a complex optical structure composed of multiple lenses, which can correcting astigmatism and image field bending well, and make the whole field of view clear. It is suitable for microphotography. The correction of spherical aberration and chromatic aberration of the objective is still limited to the yellow-green wave region, and there is still residual chromatic aberration.

 

4. Planarachromatic doublet lenshas the same degree of aberration correction as complex achromatic objective lens except for further image field bending correction, which makes the image clear and flat. But the structure is complex and difficult to manufacture.

 

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Basic knowledge of aspheric lens technology

 1、Technical principle

 

The curvature radius of the aspheric lens changes with the center axis. It can be used to improve optical quality, reduce the number of optical components and reduce design costs. Compared with spherical lens, aspheric lens has unique advantages, so it has been widely used in optical instrument, image and photoelectron industry, such as digital camera, CD player and high end micro instrument.

 

2、Comparative advantage

 

a, Spherical aberration calibration

 

The most remarkable advantage of aspheric lenses in replacing spherical lenses is that they can correct the spherical aberration caused by spherical lenses in collimating and focusing systems. By adjusting the surface constant and the aspheric coefficient, the aspheric lens can eliminate spherical aberration to the maximum extent.Aspheric lenses (rays converge to the same point and provides optical quality) basically eliminate spherical aberrations produced by spherical lenses (rays converge to different points and leads to blurred imaging).

 

Three spherical lenses are used to increase the effective focal length, which can be used to eliminate spherical aberration. However, a aspheric lens (high numerical aperture, short focal length) can be realized, and it can simplify the system design and provide the light transmittance.

 

b, System advantages

 

The aspheric lens simplifies the elements involved in optical engineers to improve the optical quality and improves the stability of the system.For example, in zoom systems, 10 or more lenses are normally used (additional: high mechanical tolerances, additional assembly procedures, and the improvement of antireflection coating). However, one or two aspheric lenses can achieve similar or better optical qualities. This reduces the system size, increases the cost rate and reduces the overall cost of the system.

 

3、Moulding techniques

 

a, Moulding of precision glass

 

The molding of precision glass is to make the glass material heated to high temperature and become plastic, and then molded by aspheric mold, and finally gradually cooled to room temperature.At present, the molding of precision glass is not suitable for aspheric lens with diameter greater than 10mm. However, new tools, optical glass and metrology process are driving the development of the technology. Although precision glass molding at the beginning of the design has high cost (high precision mold development), but after the molding, the production of high-quality products can be split off the pre development costs. It is especially suitable for the needs of mass production.

 

b, Forming of precision polishing

 

Lapping and polishing are generally applicable to the production of monolithic aspheric lenses at one time. With the improvement of technology, the accuracy is higher and higher.The most remarkable thing is that precise polishing is controlled by computers and automatically adjusted to optimize parameters.If higher quality polishing is required, magnetorheological finishing (magneto-rheological finishing) will be adopted. Compared with standard polishing, magnetorheological finishing has higher performance and shorter time.Precision polishing molding technology need professional equipment. It is currently the first choice of sample production and small batch sample.

 

c, Hybrid molding technology

 

The hybrid molding is a spherical aspheric lens with a spherical lens as the substrate, which is cast on the surface of the spherical lens through an aspherical mould and cured by a layer of high polymer with UV light.Mixed forming is generally used the achromatic spherical lens as the base, and then a layer of aspheric surface is cast on the surface to eliminate chromatic aberration and spherical aberration simultaneously.Figure 7 is the manufacturing process of the hybrid aspheric lens. The hybrid aspherical lens is suitable for large scale manufacturing with additional characteristics (eliminating chromatic aberration and spherical aberration) .

 

d, Injection molding

 

In addition to glass aspherical lenses, there are plastic aspheric lenses.Plastic molding is the injection of molten plastics into aspherical molds.Compared with glass, the thermal stability and compressive resistance of plastics are poor. It requires special treatment to obtain similar aspherical lenses. However, the plastic aspheric lens is characterized by its low cost, light weight and easy molding. It is widely used in the fields of moderate optical quality, insensitive to thermal stability and little pressure resistance.

 

4、Basis of choice

 

All kinds of aspheric lenses have their own relative advantages. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right products for different applications. The main considerations include: batch, quality and cost.

 

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